As Caesar's men neared throwing distance, without orders, they stopped to rest and regroup before continuing the charge Pompey's right and centre line held as the two armies collided. Seeing that Pompey's army was not advancing, Caesar's infantry under Mark Antony and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus started the advance. Also, stationary troops were expected to be able to defend better against pila throws. Īs the infantry of Caesar advanced, Pompey ordered his men not to charge, but to wait until Caesar's legions came into close quarters Pompey's adviser Gaius Triarius believed that Caesar's infantry would be fatigued and fall into disorder if they were forced to cover twice the expected distance of a battle march. There was significant distance between the two armies, according to Caesar. Caesar countered this by ambushing Pompey's "hammer" element with a hidden fourth line of infantry Pompey's infantry was to be the anvil while his cavalry 'hammer' encircled Caesar's left flank. In 48 BC, Pompey the Great attempted to use it against Julius Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus, in what was to be the decisive battle of the Great Roman Civil War. Pompey attempted to use his right flank cavalry as an hammer stroke while his heavy infantry held Caesar's legions fast in the center In all scenarios, both the hammer and anvil elements are substantial entities that can cause significant material damage to opponents, as opposed to light diversionary, or small scale holding units. Other variants of the concept allow for an enemy to be held fast by a substantial blocking or holding force, while a strong echelon, or hammer, delivers the decisive blow. The "hammer" or maneuver element succeeds because the anvil force materially or substantially weakens the enemy, preventing him from adjusting to the threat in his flank or rear. The "anvil" echelon here is not a mere diversionary gambit, but a substantial body that hits the enemy hard to pin him down and grind away his strength. The strongest expression of the concept is where both echelons are sufficient in themselves to strike a decisive blow. The "hammer and anvil" tactic is fundamentally a single envelopment, and is to be distinguished from a simple encirclement where one group simply keeps an enemy occupied, while a flanking force delivers the coup de grace. The second phase involves a more mobile force that maneuvers around the enemy and attacks from behind or the flank to deliver a decisive blow. It may involve a frontal assault by one part of the force, playing a slower-moving or more static role. The hammer and anvil is a military tactic involving the use of two primary forces, one to pin down an enemy, and the other to smash or defeat the opponent with an encirclement maneuver. For other uses, see Hammer and Anvil (disambiguation). OCLC 1196340700.This article is about military tactics. "2.14 - Origins and Early Evolution of Mammalian Ears and Hearing Function". Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. ![]() ^ Niccolo Massa, Liber introductorius anatomiae, Venice, 1536.^ Jacopo Berengario da Carpi, Commentaria super anatomia Mundini, Bologna, 1521.Biography, translations, documents, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623, Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. Black, Helen Liversidge, Angela Christie (2nd ed.). "25 - Special Problems of Otosclerosis Surgery". The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles and birds. Niccolo Massa's Liber introductorius anatomiae described the malleus in slightly more detail and likened both it and the incus to little hammers terming them malleoli. ![]() The first brief written description of the malleus was by Berengario da Carpi in his Commentaria super anatomia Mundini (1521). Several sources attribute the discovery of the malleus to the anatomist and philosopher Alessandro Achillini. This may be corrected with further surgery. It may become fixed in place due to surgical complications, causing hearing loss. The malleus may be palpated by surgeons during ear surgery. The malleus receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits this to the incus. The malleus is one of three ossicles in the middle ear which transmit sound from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |